Theranos (defunct)

Elizabeth Holmes dropped out of Stanford University in 2003 at age 19, having completed one year of chemical engineering. She founded Theranos with her tuition refund money and a single idea: a blood testing device that could run hundreds of diagnostic tests from a single drop of blood taken from a finger prick, rather than the vials of blood drawn from a vein required by conventional labs. Holmes deepened her voice, adopted Steve Jobs's black turtleneck as her uniform, and began pitching.

By 2014, Theranos had raised over $700 million in funding at a $9 billion valuation, making Holmes the youngest female self-made billionaire in history. Walgreens and Safeway had partnered with Theranos to offer blood tests in their stores. Theranos's board included former Secretaries of State Henry Kissinger and George Shultz, former Secretary of Defense James Mattis, and former Senators. None had scientific or medical expertise. None asked to see Theranos's data.

Wall Street Journal reporter John Carreyrou began investigating Theranos in 2015 after a tip from a source. He discovered that Theranos's proprietary testing device — the Edison — could only run a handful of tests reliably. The company was secretly running most tests on conventional Siemens laboratory equipment while telling patients and investors it was using its own technology. Holmes's lawyers sent Carreyrou threatening letters. He published anyway.

Elizabeth Holmes and former Theranos president Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani were indicted on federal wire fraud charges in June 2018. The government alleged they had knowingly deceived investors, doctors, and patients about the capabilities of Theranos's technology. Patients had made medical decisions — including decisions about cancer treatment — based on inaccurate Theranos test results. The company had dissolved in 2018 after its laboratory certification was revoked.

Elizabeth Holmes was convicted of four counts of criminal fraud in January 2022 and sentenced to 11 years in federal prison. Balwani was convicted on all 12 counts against him and sentenced to nearly 13 years. Holmes appealed repeatedly. The case became the defining narrative of Silicon Valley's "fake it till you make it" culture — and its limits when the product is a medical device and the patients are real people receiving incorrect diagnoses.