Pan American World Airways (defunct)

Pan American World Airways was founded by Juan Trippe in 1927 to fly mail between Key West, Florida and Havana, Cuba — a distance of 90 miles. Trippe, a Yale-educated pilot from a wealthy family, had an audacious vision: connecting the entire world by air. Within a decade, Pan Am was flying across the Pacific and Atlantic, pioneering routes that no commercial airline had attempted. Trippe negotiated landing rights with foreign governments personally, often blending diplomacy with commercial pressure in ways that made Pan Am as much a geopolitical actor as an airline.

Pan Am launched the jet age on October 26, 1958, operating the first transatlantic commercial jet service using the Boeing 707. The flight from New York to Paris took 8 hours — less than half the time of propeller aircraft. Pan Am's glamour was at its peak: its stewardesses were cultural icons, its first-class cabins defined luxury travel, and the Pan Am building in New York was the largest commercial office building in the world. Stanley Kubrick used a Pan Am shuttle to the space station in 2001: A Space Odyssey, prompting 93,000 people to add their names to a waiting list for the real thing.

Pan Am was the launch customer for the Boeing 747. Juan Trippe personally convinced Boeing's CEO Bill Allen to build the plane. Pan Am ordered 25 aircraft. The 747 cost more to develop than Boeing's entire net worth. When oil prices spiked in 1973 and air travel declined, Pan Am struggled to fill its enormous new aircraft. The 747 was simultaneously Pan Am's greatest achievement and the beginning of its financial decline. The airline that had invented the jet age was being slowly destroyed by the economics of the fuel crisis it hadn't foreseen.

On December 21, 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all 259 people on board and 11 on the ground. The bomb had been placed in the aircraft's cargo hold in a suitcase. Libya was eventually held responsible. The disaster devastated Pan Am's reputation and bookings. Passengers avoided the airline. Insurance costs soared. Pan Am had already been struggling financially; Lockerbie made recovery impossible.

Pan Am filed for bankruptcy in January 1991. The airline sold its transatlantic routes to Delta for $1.4 billion in a desperate attempt to survive, but the money was not enough. On December 4, 1991, Pan Am flew its last flight — from Barbados to Miami. The airline that had pioneered international commercial aviation, introduced the 747, and defined the glamour of jet-age travel ceased to exist after 64 years. The Pan Am building in New York was renamed the MetLife Building. The 93,000 people on the space shuttle waiting list never got their tickets.